![]() Spelling Nigerian English is printed regularly in the newspapers and since much of it consists of using SE in extended senses spelling is generally not a problem. This gap in argumentation alone renders the linkage of Black English aspect to Africa and creoles seriously incomplete, which is all the more significant given that there is indeed evidence that nonstandard British dialects are more aspect-focused than standard English (Trugdill and Chambers 1991). Example sentences not specifically sourced should be treated as based on the author’s or his correspondents’ experiences. Second, typical of Creolist Hypothesis advocates' generally insufficient attention to English dialects, the aspect arguments do not address the role that aspect in nonstandard British dialects may have played. Other examples are: I wan chop ( I want to eat) Wetin dey. ![]() ![]() For one, tense plays a much more central role in Black English grammar than in Creoles or the West African languages of the 'Upper Guinea' region, underlyingly marking the past and future as obligatorily as any Indo-European grammar (cf. Also, Pidgin hardly follows standard grammatical rules so 'you can lose things like verbs', by saying: I dey go to mean Im going. "s for various arguments that Black English displays African or creole roots because of the role that aspect plays in its grammar (e.g., DeBose and Faraclas 1993), the issue is in fact not yet sufficiently examined to stand as an accepted fact. hensive in its scope, and includes examples from all over the country, but it. There are similar cases in English, like a run (N) versus to run (V) etc. by Keith Brown and Sarah Ogilvie. Elsevier, 2009 sian Pidgin English, but its speakers call it Tok Pisin (from talk. For instance, in Tok Pisin the word kaikai can denote either food or to eat. ( Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World, ed. Today you can still hear in normal everyday conversations such African retentions as buckra 'white man,' tita 'elder sister,' dada 'mother or elder sister,' nyam 'eat/meat,' sa 'quickly,' benne 'sesame,' una 'you,' and da the verb 'to be.' Other Gullah Africanisms such as cooter 'turtle,' tote 'to carry,' okra 'plant food,' gumbo 'stew,' and goober 'peanut' are widely used in mainstream American English." From his research conducted in the late 1930s, Lorenzo Turner was the first linguist to document over 4000 Africanisms in the Gullah lexicon, many of them used as basket names (e.g. "The Gullah lexicon is largely English. PSE use is more like a continuum between ASL and English. (A Gullah proverb, from The Gullah People and Their African Heritage, 2005) For example, a person might say 'I finish clean' instead of 'I cleaned.' PSE is quite individualistic and users communicate in whatever way they feel is comfortable. "On possible to get straight wood from crooked timber." Mufwene, "North American Varieties of English as Byproducts of Population Contacts," in The Workings of Language, ed. Of all the vernaculars associated with African Americans, it is the one that diverges the most from (White) middle-class varieties in North America." "The English variety spoken by descendants of Africans on the coast of South Carolina is known as Gullah and has been identified as a creole.
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